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任使

Appointing Officials

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192.

哀公問曰:「何為則民服?」哀公,魯君謚也。孔子對曰:「舉直錯諸枉,則民服;錯,置也。舉正直之人用之,廢置邪枉之人,則民服其上。舉枉錯諸直,則民不服。」
(卷九 論語)


192.

Duke Ai asked Confucius: “What should be done so that people will obey the government?” Confucius said: “Promote the upright men and set them above the crooked, and people will submit. Promote the crooked men and set them above the upright, and people will not submit.”
Scroll 9: Lun Yu

【註釋】

①服:信服、佩服。 

②直:指公平正直的人。 

③枉:邪曲不正直。

【白話】

魯哀公問孔子:「如何才能使百姓服從政府?」孔子回答:「舉用正直的人,把他的職位安排在邪惡不正的人上面,或廢除邪惡不正之人,百姓對政府有信心,自然會服從;若是舉用邪惡不正的人,職位又放得比正直的人高,百姓心中就不會服從。」

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193.

天下樞要,在於尚書,尚書之選,豈可不重?而間者多從郎官,超升此位,雖曉習文法,長於應對,然察察小惠,類無大能。宜簡嘗歷州宰素有名者,雖進退舒遲,時有不逮,然端心向公,奉職周密。
(卷二十二 後漢書二)


193.

The most important post in the central government is that of a cabinet minister (shang shu). Therefore, the selection of a cabinet minister should not be taken lightly. The current ministers are often promoted from lowerranked deputies (lang guan). Even though these deputies are proficient in rhetoric, mastery of such subjects is only considered as minor intelligence. Most of them actually do not possess the ability to handle important tasks. Hence, it is more appropriate to choose reputable former state officials to take on the post of a minister. While their response may be slower, and even inadequate at times, they are loyal to the country and thorough in their undertakings.
Scroll 22: Hou Han Shu, Vol. 2

【註釋】

①樞要:指中央政權中機要的部門或官職。 

②尚書:相當於現在的部長。 

③郎官:相當於現在的副部長。

【白話】

天下最重要的職位在於尚書,尚書的選拔豈能不重視?然而現任尚書大多是從郎官提升上來的,儘管他們通曉文法,善於應對,但這只是小聰明,大多沒有辦大事的能力。因此應當選拔那些做過州官且素有名聲的人任職,他們應對雖然遲緩,有時比不上別人,但他們一心向著國家,忠於職守且辦事周密。

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194.

以言取人,人飾其言;以行取人,人竭其行。飾言無庸,竭行有成。
(卷八 周書)


194.

If oratorical skills become the standard in choosing qualified people, people will work on their oratorical skills. If virtuous conducts become the standard in choosing qualified people, people will work on perfecting their virtue. Being cunning in talking is of little use, but to exert all efforts on good causes will guarantee good results.
Scroll 8: Zhou Shu

【註釋】

①無庸:沒有用處。

【白話】

根據一個人的言論來判斷人品,人們就會用技巧來修飾言語;如果是依行為來判斷人品,人們就會盡力充實內在的德行。巧飾言語毫無用處,盡力完善德行必將會有成就。

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195.

故明王之任人,諂諛不邇乎左右,阿黨不治乎本朝;任人之長,不強其短;任人之工,不強其拙。此任人之大略也。
(卷三十三 晏子)


195.

A good leader will never put flatterers by his side or allow any clique with a private agenda to serve in the government. He uses people’s strengths and does not pressure them to work beyond their abilities. He uses their expertise and does not force them to undertake tasks with which they are unfamiliar. These are general principles to bear in mind when working with the staffs.
Scroll 33: Yan Zi

【註釋】

①邇:接近。 

②阿黨:逢迎上意,徇私枉法;比附於下,結黨營私。 

③工:巧、精。

【白話】

賢明的君主任用人選時,諂媚阿諛的人不放在身邊,結黨營私的人不得治理政事;用人要發揮他的優點,不強求他的不足;任用他的專長,不強求他的短處。這就是用人的基本原則。

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196.

故選不可以不精,任之不可以不信,進不可以不禮,退之不可以權辱。
(卷四十八 典語)


196.

Be assured when selecting senior ministers. Once appointed, trust them to do the job. Appoint them to a post with full honor and grant them dignity when they have to be dismissed.
Scroll 48: Dian Yu

【白話】

選拔大臣,不能不精確恰當;任命大臣,不能不信任;進用為官,不能不以禮相待;辭退官職,也不能使他們受到屈辱。

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197.

故知清而不知所以重其祿者,則欺而濁;知重其祿,而不知所以少其吏者,則竭而不足;知少其吏,而不知所以盡其力者,則事繁而職闕。
(卷四十七 劉廙政論)


197.

If a ruler knows he must put forward a policy of austerity but does not know he must increase the remuneration for his staff at the same time, the practice of cheating and bribery will ensue. When he knows he must increase the remuneration for his staffs but does not know he must reduce the number of staffs, the government will soon run out of money. When he knows he must reduce the number of staffs but does not motivate the remaining staffs to optimize their efforts, the increased workload will make the shortage of staffs obvious.
Scroll 47: Liu Yi Zheng Lun

【白話】

君主知道提倡清廉而不懂得增加官員的俸祿,官員就會形成欺詐和貪污腐敗的風氣;懂得增加俸祿,而不知道怎樣減少官吏,財力就會空虛不足;知道減少官吏,而不懂得如何使他們發揮能力,事情就會繁多而顯得職位短缺。

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198.

夫除無事之位,損不急之祿,止浮食之費,并從容之官。使官必有職,職任其事,事必受祿,祿代其耕,乃往古之常式,當今之所宜也。
(卷二十五 魏志上)


198.

Abolish useless posts to reduce and save on unnecessary official salaries. Stop all expenses paid to nonachievers, merge departments, and dismiss redundant officers. There must be a post for every member of the staff, and for every staff member with job responsibilities a salary must be paid which will replace their earnings from farming. This was a principle regularly applied in ancient times, but the principle should still be applicable to this day also.
Scroll 25: Wei Zhi, Vol. 1

【註釋】

①浮食:不作而食。 

②常式:法式、常規。

【白話】

撤除無事可幹的職位,減省不急需的俸祿,停發不做事、白領俸祿之人的費用,撤併無事可做的官員。讓每位官員一定有職責,有職責均需承擔事務,承擔事務一定要接受俸祿,用俸祿代替耕作,這是古代的常規,也是當今社會應該採取的原則。

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199.

故德厚而位卑者,謂之過;德薄而位尊者,謂之失。寧過於君子,而無失於小人。過於君子,其為怨淺矣;失於小人,其為禍深矣。
(卷三十二 管子)


199.

A virtuous man placed in an insignificant post is considered to be a mistake made by the ruler. An unvirtuous man placed in a senior post is considered to be a misjudgment made by a ruler. One would rather have wronged a superior person than to have employed a petty person, for a superior person will not harbor strong resentments but a petty person with power will cause farreaching disasters.
Scroll 32: Guan Zi

【白話】

德行厚實的人反而屈居下位,這是君主的過錯;德行淺薄的人反而地位尊貴,這是君主的失誤。寧可委屈了君子,而不能誤用了小人。委屈了君子,他的抱怨不深;誤用了小人,他引發的禍患卻是最深遠的。

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200.

使賢者為之,則與不肖者規之;使智者慮之,則與愚者論之;使修士行之,則與奸邪之人疑之。雖欲成功,得乎哉!
(卷三十八 孫卿子)


200.

When a leader appoints a good candidate to a government post, he allows unworthy people to impose restrictions on this person. When he appoints a wise person to devise policies, he allows unwise people to appraise this person. When he lets an ethical person implement government policies, he allows malicious people to cast doubts on this person. How can a leader achieve success if he condones these ironies?
Scroll 38: Sun Qing Zi

【註釋】

①規:規正、改正。

【白話】

讓賢能的人為政,卻叫不賢的人去規正;讓有智慧的人謀慮政事,卻叫愚昧的人去評論;讓品德良好的人施行政令,卻叫奸邪的人去懷疑。雖然想成功,怎麼可能辦得到呢!

 

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