正己
Righting Oneself
107.
曾子曰：「敢問何謂七教？」孔子曰：「上敬老，則下益孝；上尊齒，則下益悌；上樂施，則下益寬；上親賢，則下擇友；上好德，則下無隱；上惡貪，則下恥爭；上廉讓，則下知節。此之謂七教也。七教者，治民之本也。政教定，則本正矣。凡上者，民之表也，表正則何物不正！」
（卷十 孔子家語）
107.
Zengzi said: “May I ask what the Seven Lessons are about?” Confucius said: “If a leader respects old people, his subjects will show more filial obedience toward their parents. If a leader respects the elderly, his subjects will show more respect toward their elder siblings. If a leader is kind and giving, his subjects will become more tolerant and generous. If a leader favors the virtuous, his subjects will attach more importance to choosing their friends wisely. If a leader places great importance on ethical conducts, his subjects will not commit acts that cannot be revealed to the public. If a leader is not greedy, his subjects will be ashamed of fighting with each other for profits. If a leader is honorable and humble, his subjects will uphold integrity firmly. These are the Seven Lessons, the foundation of governing. Once the principles of governing are established, the government will become stable and strong. Since people look up to all the senior ministers and bureaucrats as examples to follow, and as long as they are upright, what else cannot be upright?”
Scroll 10: Kong Zi Jia Yu
【註釋】
①齒：指人的年齡。
【白話】
曾子說：「敢問什麼是七教？」孔子說：「君上尊敬老人，臣民就更加孝親；君上尊敬年長者，臣民就更加友愛兄長；君上樂善好施，臣民就更加寬厚；君上親近賢士，臣民就重視擇友；君上注重道德修養，臣民就不會做不可告人的事；君上厭惡貪婪，臣民就恥於相爭；君上清廉謙讓，臣民就知道堅守節操。這就是七教。七教是治理人民的根本。政治教化的原則確定了，那麼根本就端正了。凡是在上位者，皆是人民的表率，表率端正，還有什麼事物不端正！」
108.
子曰：「其身正，不令而行；其身不正，雖令不從。」令，教令也。
（卷九 論語）
108.
Confucius said: “When a leader’s personal conduct is upright, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not upright, he may issue orders but they will not be followed.”
Scroll 9: Lun Yu
【白話】
孔子說：「當政者本身言行端正，能做出表率模範，不用發號施令，人民自然起身效法，那麼政令將會暢行無阻；如果當政者本身言行不正，雖下命令，人民也不會服從遵守。」
109.
故君子為政，以正己為先，教禁為次。
（卷四十七 政要論）
109.
A superior person must first and foremost be an exemplar of integrity in his official duties. Giving instructions and punishment are secondary measures.
Scroll 47: Zheng Yao Lun
【註釋】
①教禁：教化和禁令。
【白話】
君子治理政務，首先要端正自己的思想言行，其次才是推行教育和禁令。
110.
子曰：「下之事上也，不從其所令，而從其所行。言民化行，不拘於言也。上好是物，下必有甚矣。甚者，甚於君也。故上之所好惡，不可不慎也，是民之表也。」言民之從君，如影之逐表。
（卷七 禮記）
110.
Confucius said: “In serving a superior, the subordinates will not only follow by obeying the commands of his superior but also follow by observing the superior's conduct. Whatever preferences shown by a superior will be exceeded by the preferences of his subordinates. Therefore, a leader must be careful with what he likes or dislikes for he is the role model for the people.”
Scroll 7: Li Ji
【白話】
孔子說：「下級為上級辦事，並非只是機械地服從他的命令，而是看著上級的行為而效法他。上級愛好某一事物，下級一定有比他更加愛好的。所以上位者所喜好、厭惡的態度，不能不謹慎，因為這都是民眾的表率。」
111.
我有公心焉，則士民不敢念其私矣；我有平心焉，則士民不敢行其險矣；我有儉心焉，則士民不敢放其奢矣。此躬行之所徵者也。
（卷四十五 昌言）
111.
If a superior is impartial, his subjects will not dare to profiteer. If he is honest and fair, his subjects will not dare to engage in dishonest enterprises, thinking they can get away without punishment. If he is frugal, his subjects will not dare to spend lavishly. These are the effects of a leadership that practices what he preaches.
Scroll 45: Chang Yan
【白話】
上位者有公正之心，下屬百姓就不敢有謀私的念頭；在上位者能有平等之心，下屬百姓就不敢行險，心存僥倖；上位者有節儉之心，下屬百姓就不敢放縱享受、奢侈浪費。這是在上位者以身作則所起的作用。
112.
太公曰：「將有三禮。冬日不服裘，夏日不操扇，天雨不張蓋幕，名曰三禮也。」
（卷三十一 六韜）
112.
Tai Gong said: “There are three protocols for generals and commanders of an army: Do not wear fur coats in the winter; do not use fans in the summer; do not open umbrellas on rainy days.”*
Scroll 31: Liu Tao
*The purpose of this protocol is to remind the generals and commanders to place themselves in the same situations as their soldiers, be it hot or cold, damp or dry. A commander who can empathize with the circumstances in which he places his soldiers will not only gain the loyalty of his soldiers, but also come up with good strategies that will find victory with the least sacrifice of human lives.
【白話】
太公說：「將帥有『三禮』必須親身力行來做表率。冬天不穿皮衣，夏天不執扇子，下雨天不張傘蓋，這才能與士卒同甘共苦，以上稱為遵守三種禮法。」因為將帥不行禮法，就無法體會到士卒的冷暖。
113.
孔子曰：「君子有三恕。有君不能事，有臣而求其使，非恕也；有親弗能孝，有子而求其報，非恕也；有兄弗能敬，有弟而求其順，非恕也。士能明於三恕之本，則可謂端身矣。」端，正也。
（卷十 孔子家語）
113.
Confucius said: “A superior person shows his consideration for others in three ways: Not serving his leader wholeheartedly while ordering his own subordinates around is inconsiderate. Not fulfilling his filial duties to his parents but demanding that his own children to be filial to him is inconsiderate. Not respecting his elder siblings but demanding his own younger siblings to respect him is inconsiderate. If he can understand that consideration for others stems from loyalty to his own leader, filial obedience to his own parents, and reverence to his elder siblings, he is truly a person who has an upright character.”
Scroll 10: Kong Zi Jia Yu
【白話】
孔子說：「君子有三個方面要心存推己及人的恕道。有君主不能忠心奉事，卻要求部屬供他使喚，這就不是恕道；對父母不能力盡孝道，卻要求孩子回報恩德，這就不是恕道；有兄長不能夠尊敬，卻要求弟弟順從自己，這也不是恕道。讀書人能明白忠於君、孝於親、悌於兄，這些是恕道的根本，那就可以說是端正自己了。」
114.
是故君子有諸己，而後求諸人；無諸己，而後非諸人。
（卷七 禮記）
114.
A virtuous leader will lead the way to do good deeds before he asks others to do the same. He will expect himself to be devoid of wrongdoing before he can stop others from wrongdoing.
Scroll 7: Li Ji
【註釋】
①諸：之於。
【白話】
因此，有德行的領導人，一定是自己先有了善行，然後再帶動別人行善；一定是先要求自己沒有惡行，然後再禁止別人作惡。
115.
君子能為可貴，不能使人必貴己；能為可信，不能使人必信己；能為可用，不能使人必用己。故君子恥不修，不恥見污；恥不信，不恥不見信；恥不能，不恥不見用。是以不誘於譽，不恐於誹，率道而行，端然正己，不為物傾側，夫是之謂誠君子。
（卷三十八 孫卿子）
115.
A superior person can work on earning respect, but he cannot expect others to respect him. He can work on being trustworthy but he cannot expect others to trust him. He can be worthy of appointment to a post but he cannot expect the post to be given to him. Therefore, a superior person is ashamed of not being a man of character but he is not ashamed of being insulted. He is ashamed of breaking his promise but he is not ashamed of being distrusted. He is ashamed of being unskillful but he is not ashamed of missing the chance to get appointed. In short, he is not tempted by superficial reputation, or intimidated by slanders. He is honorable and upright, unwavering in his convictions.
Scroll 38: Sun Qing Zi
【註釋】
①見：用在動詞前，表示被動。相當於被、受到。
②率：遵行、遵循。
③傾側：偏側不正。
④誠：真正、確實。
【白話】
君子能做到值得人尊重，但不能讓別人必定尊重自己；能夠做到值得人信任，但不能讓別人必定信任自己；能夠做到值得任用，但不能讓別人必定任用自己。所以君子以不修養品德為恥，不以被污辱為恥；以不守信用為恥，不以不被信任為恥；以沒有才能為恥，不以不被任用為恥。因此不被虛有美譽所引誘，不被誹謗而恐懼，遵循正道而行，端正自身，不被外物所動搖，這才稱得上是真正的君子。
116.
榮辱之責，在乎己，而不在乎人。
（卷四十 韓子）
116.
The responsibility for honor and disgrace rests with nobody but oneself.
Scroll 40: Han Zi
【白話】
招致光榮或侮辱的責任，全在自己，不在別人。
117.
家人。《象》曰：……君子以言有物，而行有恆。家人之道，修於近小而不妄者也。故君子言必有物，而口無擇言；行必有恆，而身無擇行也。
（卷一 周易）
117.
The book of Xiang Zhuan interprets the oracle of Jia Ren (family members) as: “...A superior person speaks meaningful words and his conduct is uniformly consistent.”
Scroll 1: Zhou Yi
【註釋】
①物：事物的內容、實質。
【白話】
家人卦。《象傳》說：……為人領導、父母或老師，時時保持言語真實誠懇，而且力行要有始有終。
118.
衣冠中，故朝無奇僻之服；所言義，故下無偽上之報；身行順，治事公，故國無阿（e/ㄜ）黨之義。三者，君子常行也。
（卷三十三 晏子）
118.
When a leader dresses in a manner that befits his status, no eccentric attire will be worn by his officials. When a leader’s words are just, no fabricated reports will be produced by his subordinates. When a leader is honorable and fair, no servile official or factionalism will arise in the civil service. These three points should serve as a guideline for the leader.
Scroll 33: Yan Zi
【註釋】
①阿黨：逢迎上意，徇私枉法；比附於下，結黨營私。
【白話】
國君的衣冠中規中矩，因此朝廷內就不會出現奇裝異服；所說的話符合道義，因此臣下就不會謊報下情；自身行為遵循道義，處事公正，那麼國家就不會有阿諛奉承、結黨營私的現象。以上這三點，乃國君日常的行為規範。
119.
故聲無小而不聞，行無隱而不形。玉在山而木草
潤，淵生珠而崖不枯。為善積也，安有不聞者乎？
（卷三十八 孫卿子）
119.
No matter how slight a sound may be, it will still be heard. No matter how carefully a good deed is concealed, it will still be known. When jade is embedded deep in the mountain, the mountain grass and wood will be moistened. When a deep pool produces pearls, the edge around the deep pool will not dry up. If one persists in doing good, how can people not know his good deeds?
Scroll 38: Sun Qing Zi
【白話】
聲音不因為小，而沒有人聽到；德行不因為隱藏，而不被發現。寶玉蘊藏在山中，山上的草木都得到滋潤；深潭裡有了珍珠，連潭岸都不會乾枯。由此可知，行善貴在日積月累，哪有不為人知的道理呢？
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