納諫
Be Receptive to Counsels from Ministers
45.
國之所以治者，君明也。其所以亂者，君闇也。君之所以明者，兼聽也。其所以闇者，偏信也。是故人君通必必作心兼聽，則聖日廣矣；庸說偏信，則愚日甚矣。
（卷四十四 潛夫論）
45.
A country is governed well because it has a wise leader. A country is in ruin because it has a foolish leader. A wise leader will listen and gauge opinions from all sides, but a foolish leader will only listen to opinions that echo his own mind. So if a leader is broad-minded and able to accept suggestions from all parties, his sagacity will increase day by day. On the contrary, if he insists on listening to the one-sided, sly, and fawning remarks, his foolishness will also increase day by day.
Scroll 44: Qian Fu Lun
【註釋】
①闇：昏昧，不明事理。
②兼聽：廣泛聽取意見。
③偏信：只聽信某一方面的意見。
④通必：當作「通心」。內心通達。
【白話】
國家之所以治理得好，是因為君主英明；國家之所以敗亂，是因為君主昏庸。君主之所以英明，是因為能廣泛聽取各方面的意見；君主之所以昏庸，是因為偏聽偏信。因此，君主內心通達、廣聽兼納，聖德就會日漸擴大；偏信奸佞之言，昏庸愚昧就會與日俱增。
46.
臣聞人君莫不好忠正而惡讒諛，然而歷世之患，莫不以忠正得罪，讒諛蒙倖者，蓋聽忠難，從諛易也。
（卷二十三 後漢書三）
46.
We have heard that a good leader will not refuse to hear from the loyal and forthright ministers, and distance himself from the obsequious and the servile. However, government after government had fallen throughout history because forthright and loyal ministers were punished while obsequious ministers were rewarded and favored. Perhaps it is easier to accept flattery than to accept honest advice.
Scroll 23: Hou Han Shu, Vol. 3
【註釋】
①蒙倖：受到寵愛。
【白話】
臣聽說君王沒有不喜歡忠誠正直而厭惡阿諛讒佞，但是歷代的禍患，無不是因為忠誠正直的人獲罪，阿諛讒佞的人受寵所導致。這實在是聽信忠正之言甚難，聽從阿諛之言較易。
47.
明主患諛己者眾，而無由聞失也，故開敢諫之路，納逆己之言，苟所言出於忠誠，雖事不盡，是猶歡然然下有受字之。
（卷四十九 傅子）
47.
A wise leader worries about being surrounded by flatterers, a situation that can isolate him from hearing the truth about his own mistakes. Hence he opens up the channels where people can speak their mind, and he listens to people who defy his wishes. As long as the proponents express their opinions out of loyalty and sincerity for the common good, he will gladly accept them even though their propositions may not be right all the time.
Scroll 49: Fu Zi
【註釋】
①逆己：不順從自己。
【白話】
英明的君主擔心阿諛自己的人太多，而無法聽到自己的錯誤，所以廣開敢於直諫的途徑，聽取反對自己的言論，如果所說的話出於忠誠，即使所說的事情並非全都正確，也高興地接受。
48.
舜曰：「予違汝弼。汝無面從，退有後言。」故治國之道，勸之使諫，宣之使言，然後君明察而治情通矣。
（卷四十四 潛夫論）
48.
Emperor Shun said: “If I made a mistake you must help to correct me. Do not seem agreeable in front of me but stir up negative remarks against me behind my back.” Likewise, a good government will encourage people to submit their dissensions to the government and guide them to speak out truthfully. This way a government will be able to get to the bottom of things and draw up sensible policies.
Scroll 44: Qian Fu Lun
【註釋】
①弼：糾正過失。
②退有後言：當面順從，背後卻有不服從的言論。
【白話】
舜說：「如果我有過失，你們就輔助糾正我。你們不要當面聽從我，背後又去議論。」所以治理國家的方法，要鼓勵人們進諫，要引導人們敢於講實話，這樣，君主就能明察真偽而通曉治亂的真實情況了。
49.
興國之君，樂聞其過；荒亂之主，樂聞其譽。聞其過者，過日消而福臻；聞其譽者，譽日損而禍至。
（卷二十八 吳志下）
49.
A leader who brings greatness to his nation welcomes criticism directed at him. A leader who brings chaos to his nation prefers praise that glorifies his name. For the former, good fortune will follow him because he will make fewer mistakes over time. But for the latter, misfortune will beset him as he sinks deeper into the false acclaim that is detrimental to his virtues.
Scroll 28: Wu Zhi, Vol. 2
【註釋】
①臻：至、到達。
【白話】
使國家興盛的君主，喜歡聽指出過錯的話；荒淫敗亂的君主，喜歡聽讚美的話。能聽到自己過失的君主，過失就會一天天消除，而福分到來；喜歡聽美言的君主，德行就會一天天受損，而災禍也就降臨了。
50.
折直士之節，結諫臣之舌，群臣皆知其非，然不敢爭。天下以言為戒，最國家之大患也。
（卷十九 漢書七）
50.
On seeing men of integrity being dishonored and witnessing officials who dared to speak up being silenced, many ministers knew this was wrong but nobody dared to stand up and fight to remedy this situation. When everybody is wary of admonishing the government, this is indeed the greatest misfortune that besets a nation!
Scroll 19: Han Shu, Vol. 7
【註釋】
①折：折損、挫敗。
②節：志氣、操守。
【白話】
挫折正直之士的節操，切斷勸諫之臣所說的話，大臣們都知道這樣做是錯誤的，可是不敢據理力爭。天下人都對進獻諫言生戒備之心，這是一個國家最大的禍患！
51.
孔子曰：「藥酒藥酒作良藥苦於口而利於病，忠言逆於耳而利於行。湯武以諤諤而昌，桀紂以唯唯而亡。」
（卷十 孔子家語）
51.
Confucius said: “Effective medicine is bitter but it can cure sickness. Truthful words are not enticing but they can help people to correct their mistakes. The nation enjoyed prosperity under King Tang and King Wu because they listened to admonitions extensively from all sides. On the contrary, the brutal King Jie and King Zhou preferred to listen to agreeable words that appealed to them, and this eventually led to their downfall.”
Scroll 10: Kong Zi Jia Yu
【註釋】
①湯武：商湯與周武王。
②諤諤：直言無諱的樣子。
③桀紂：夏桀與商紂。
④唯唯：恭敬的應答聲。
【白話】
孔子說：「良藥苦口難嚥，但卻有利於治病；正直的勸諫聽來不順耳，但有利於自我提升。商湯、周武王因為廣納直言勸諫而國運昌盛，夏桀、商紂因為狂妄暴虐，群臣只能唯命是從，而導致國家滅亡。」
留言列表
社群網站 
