治亂
Conquering Chaos
301.
《黃石公記》曰：「柔能制剛，弱能制強。」柔者德也，剛者賊也。弱者仁之助也，強者怨之歸也。舍近謀遠者，勞而無功；舍遠謀近者，逸而有終。逸政多忠臣，勞政多亂民。故曰，務廣地者荒，務廣德者強。有其有者安，貪人有者殘。殘滅之政，雖成必敗。
（卷二十一 後漢書一）
301.
It is written in the Memoirs of the Elder Huang Shi: “The gentle could overcome the tough, and the weak could overcome the ruthless.” Being gentle is virtuous, and being tough is harmful. Naturally, the weak receive help from benevolent people, but ruthless people will only arouse enmity. Individuals who give up what is near at hand and seek what is far away will achieve little success despite their efforts. Individuals who give up what is far and seek what is near will achieve success easily. This will help more loyal officials to serve the state better, but the futile efforts of the former will only cause more people to revolt against the government. Therefore, it is said that a lord who craves to conquer more lands will eventually find his own lands turning barren. A lord who works on inculcating good morals among the people will lead his state to become stronger. Cherishing possessions already owned results in peace, but craving for others’ possessions would make one become ruthless. Even when ruthless politics might bring success in the short run, in the long run it inevitably brings defeat.”
Scroll 21: Hou Han Shu, Vol. 1
【註釋】
①賊：害、傷害。
②逸政：使人民安居樂業的政治。
③勞政：勞役繁重之政。
【白話】
《黃石公記》上說「柔能克剛，弱能勝強」，柔和是德行，剛強是賊害。柔弱者能感召仁義志士的幫助，剛強者容易遭受怨恨。捨近求遠的人，花費精力卻毫無收穫；捨遠求近的人，安逸而有好結果。安樂舒適的政治下多出忠臣，勞役繁重的政治下多出亂民。所以說，一心擴大領土的君王，朝政會荒廢；力求實行仁政的君王，國家就會強盛。滿足於自己所擁有的則平安無患；貪圖別人所擁有的則殘暴敗亡。殘暴敗亡的政治，雖然一時成功，最終也必然失敗。
302.
子曰：「五刑之屬三千，五刑者，謂墨劓臏宮（宮下舊有割字，刪之）大辟也。而罪莫大於不孝。要（一ㄠ）君者無上，事君，先事而後食祿，今反要君，此無尊上之道。非聖人者無法，非侮聖人者，不可法。非孝者無親。己不自孝，又非他人為孝，不可親。此大亂之道也。」君不忠，侮聖人言，非孝者，大亂之道也。
（卷九 孝經）
302.
Confucius said: “There are three thousand offenses against which the five punishments of the ancient times are directed, and not one of them is greater than being unfilial. Those who threaten the ruler are repudiating his superiority. Those who undermine the authority of the sages are repudiating the validity of all laws and propriety. Those who malign filial piety are disowning the affection toward their parents. These three kinds of people will pave the way for anarchy.”
Scroll 9: Xiao Jing
【註釋】
①要：要挾、脅迫。
②非：詆毀、譏諷。
【白話】
孔子說：「古代五刑所屬的犯罪條列，有三千條之多，其中沒有比不孝的罪行更大的。脅迫君王的人，是眼中沒有君王的存在；詆毀聖人的人，是心中沒有禮法的存在；誹謗行孝的人，是心中沒有父母的存在。這三種人都是造成天下大亂的根源。」
303.
上下交征利而國危矣。征，取也，從王至庶人，各欲取利，必至於篡弒。
（卷三十七 孟子）
303.
If everyone in the country is fighting for their own interest, the country will be placed in danger.
Scroll 37: Meng Zi
【註釋】
①征利：取利。征，奪取。
【白話】
上至國君，下到百姓，大家互相爭奪利益，必導致弒君篡位，國家就危險了。由此可知，不講道義、只重功利，天災人禍就避免不了。
304.
哀公問於孔子曰：「寡人聞之，東益不祥，東益，東益宅也。信有之乎？」孔子曰：「不祥有五，而東益不與焉。夫損人而自益，身之不祥也；棄老而取幼，家之不祥也；釋賢而用不肖，國之不祥也；老者不教，幼者不學，俗之不祥也；聖人伏匿，愚者擅權，天下不祥也。故不祥有五，而東益不與焉。」
（卷十 孔子家語）
304.
Duke Ai asked Confucius: “I have heard that building an extension on the east side of a house is inauspicious. Is this true?” Confucius said: “There are five inauspicious matters but building an extension on the east side of a house is not one of them. Damaging others to benefit oneself is inauspicious for oneself. Abandoning the old in favor of the young is inauspicious for the family. Dismissing the able and virtuous in favor of the unworthy is inauspicious for the country. When elders refuse to teach and the young refuse to learn, this is inauspicious for the society. When the sages are in hiding and the ignorant hold power, this is inauspicious for the world. All in all, these are the five inauspicious matters but building an extension on the east side of the house is not one of them.”
Scroll 10: Kong Zi Jia Yu
【註釋】
①益：增加。
②信：果真、確實。
③與：在其中。
④釋：廢棄、放棄。
⑤伏匿：隱藏、躲藏。
【白話】
魯哀公問孔子說：「我聽說，向東邊擴建住宅是不吉祥的，真是這樣嗎？」孔子說：「有五種不吉祥的事，而向東邊擴建住宅不在其中。損人利己，是自身的不祥；遺棄老人只顧孩子，是家庭的不祥；捨棄賢明之人卻任用不肖之徒，是一國的不祥；老人不教育後代，年幼的人不肯學習，是社會風俗的不祥；聖人隱退不出仕，愚人專權獨裁，是天下的不祥。總之，不吉祥的事有以上五種，向東邊擴建住宅並不包括在內。」
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